Romance In The Ufa Cinema Center Architecture Essay

Bernard Tschumi is regarded as one of the universe s open uping designers, rejecting the diehard outlook and one of the few bow smugglers of deconstructivism. His essay, The Pleasure of Architecture which was written in 1978 manifests his theoretical thoughts of the pleasances in architecture, in which he stresses on the inutility of architecture and the inclusion of perversion and the irrational. It talks about sensualness and sexual analogies such as erotism, surplus, bondage, seduction and bounds of architecture which he represents in 11 fragments. One of Tschumi s most celebrated undertakings, the Parc de la Villette is the prototype of his deconstructivist thought. It breaks off from functionalist theories of the past and is designed as a twenty-first century urban park, where plans and superimposition of systems comes into drama and the construct of signifier follows map becomes a polar antonym. The UFA Cinema Center by Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, the brace who chall enges traditional anthropocentric architecture and is categorized as deconstructivists, besides incorporates the thought of deconstructivism, with its urban construct, dynamic geometries and injection of public infinites. It became one of their noteworthy plants in deconstructivist thought. The first portion of this paper discusses on Tschumi s fragments in The Pleasure of Architecture, the significances that they carry and his impression of pleasance derived from those fragments which are closely related to one another. In relation to that, how his theory on deconstructivism is incorporated into the Parc de la Vilette and the pleasances that manifest from it. Separate two discusses on Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold s UFA Cinema Centre, how it relates back to Tschumi s fragments and how it s deconstructivist design transforms it into an architecture of pleasance. How does Bernard Tschumi s impression of pleasance and deconstructivism manifest in the Parc de la Vilette? Harmonizing to Tschumi, pleasance can be achieved from two types of resistances, the intercession of the norm in which society expects of what architecture should be, usefulness which leads to its inutility ( Tschumi, 1977 ) , and the un-intendancy to make a infinite for map that was either with purposes or inadvertent which forms a disjuncture ( Tschumi, 1981 ) . Tschumi distinguishes pleasance from cloud nine or rapture, in which this apprehension was influenced by Roland Barthes book The Pleasure of the Text ( Hill, 2003 ) . In The Pleasure of Architecture, fragments of gender separate Tschumi s thoughts of pleasance and some of which can be seen in the Parc de la ViIlette. Bernard Tschumi s Parc de la Vilette emerged as a victor in a park design competition held by the Gallic Government in 1982. The purpose was to mean the beginning of a new epoch in an of import portion of Paris, to guarantee its future good development. ( Damiani, 2003 ) . It is a coaction of Tschumi, Peter Eis enman and Jacques Derrida, the three being deconstructivist designers and Derrida, the precursor of deconstruction ( Kipnis, 1991 ) . Double Pleasure. Neither the pleasance of infinite nor the pleasance of geometry is ( on its ain ) the pleasance of architecture. It is both. ( Tschumi,1977 ) . Tschumi s first fragment explains that the pleasance in architecture is neither the enjoyable experience of infinite nor the creative activity of signifier and geometry entirely but the hit of both. This manifests in the Parc de la Vilette, where the superimposition of three different systems: Points, lines and surfaces is seen ( Damiani, 2003 ) . Figure 1: Lines, Points and Surfaces. ( Masschelein & A ; Straeten, n.d. ) The points are represented by the distinguishable ruddy mental disorders which appear as three floor regular hexahedrons in which no map was intended to it, hence go forthing it as an unfastened infinite. He used the thought of repeat to distinguish each mental disorders, with geometries lodging to it as the lone noteworthy difference. ( Masschelein & A ; Straeten, n.d. ) . This creates the pleasance of geometry. Figure 2: Images of some of the follies. ( Park De La Villette, Paris, France: Bernard Tschumi Architects ) The signifier of the mental disorder was designed before it was given a map, following the rules of deconstructivism. ( Turner, 1994 ) . The 2nd system, the lines, structures the circulation of walkers and a additive infinite is created, taking one towards interesting positions and musca volitanss. ( Masschelein & A ; Straeten, n.d. ) . This creates the pleasance of infinite. The 3rd system which is the surface signifiers big horizontal infinites for the usage of assorted activities and once more the pleasance of geometry comes to light. ( Masschelein & A ; Straeten, n.d. ) . The superimpositions of these systems collide and therefore it is a pleasance of architecture and the separation of the systems three signifiers deconstruction. The pleasance of infinite: This can non be put into words, it is mute. It is the signifier of experience ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . In order to experience pleasance in a infinite, one must see the existent thing and that it can non be described with words entirely. This can be represented in the superimpositions of the park, where its complexness, described in text is inexplicable compared to one sing the existent thing. Pleasure and Necessity Tschumi touches on the inutility of architecture and how designers are confronting societal constrains, where unreason of architecture is regarded as incorrect. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . The necessity of architecture may good be its non-necessity ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . He argues that architecture should be useless, and serves no intent, contrary to what society expects it to be. ( Hill, 2003 ) The abuse of and denial of the norm, uselessness becomes utile, that is enjoyable. ( Hill, 2003 ) . Tschumi provinces that a park is like pyrotechnics, used for production and ingestion, it is useless but at the same clip it made to provides pleasance. ( Hill, 2003 ) . Parc de la Villette is designed without a set map in head, its model and organisation allows an interchange of people, events and infinites which contributes to more freedom and looks in the park. Partss and constructions can be easy replaced and shifted while still keeping its individuality with the thoughts of deconstructivism, this rej ects the traditional regulations of urban Parkss therefore its freedom is regarded as useless and a non-necessity, this abuse becomes a pleasance in architecture. ( Pugh, 2004 ) Metaphor of Order- Bondage This fragment focuses on the restraints of architecture, in the signifier of regulations, theories, Torahs and past functionalist tenet. Like the game of bondage, it is sadistic, miring architectural design like adhering ropes. Pleasure derives when the restraint is greater, and the idea of get the better ofing that sophisticated bind. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . Figure 3: Ropes and regulations. ( Damiani, 2003 ) The Parc de la Villette was portion of a competition in which Tschumi had won. There were protests from landscape interior decorators on the engagement of designers and at the same clip, political alterations were made, and economic crisis was at a high. ( Damiani, 2003 ) . These were the restraints that Tschumi had to face at the clip along with the historical background of the site, being a abattoir antecedently and one of the last leftover big sites in Paris. ( Damiani, 2003 ) . Rationality In this fragment, it states that architecture should travel against traditional rules which are regarded as out-of-date and that its continuity on reason becomes irrational. Like the principals of deconstructivism, in which its upset and unconventional methods are regarded as irrational and interrupting free from traditional discourses. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) This is seen in the ruddy mental disorders which spreads along the park, each different signifier one another, and how they were non assigned a map in contrast to past rules. Eroticism The fragment of Eroticism says that pleasance is non about the contentment of the senses nor is it the sensualness of infinite. Eroticism is non the surplus of pleasance, but the pleasance of surplus. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . Is it in fact a junction between infinite and constructs, ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . Figure 4: Eroticism. ( Damiani, 2003 ) In the instance of the Parc de la Villette, its disjuncture of infinites and events was made to be knowing or inadvertent, with complex programmes scattered from one another making a contrast of maps. ( Hill, 2003 ) . Figure 5: Plan View of Parc de la Villette. ( Pugh, 2004 ) Metaphor of Seduction- The Mask This fragment provinces that architecture is a seducer, have oning masks, concealing behind frontages and architectural elements. Yet behind those provocative masks lies the pleasance of architecture. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . Figure 6: Masks. ( Damiani, 2003 ) With its big country compromising assorted and different maps and programmes of amusement installations, its architectural elements becomes the mask of the Parc de la Villette, non cognizing what to anticipate from each component as there is no set map or hierarchy. Yet unveiling what map lies behind it leads to pleasure. Excess The fragment Excess negotiations about interrupting free and transcending outlooks. It states that architecture should non copy the past nor should architecture obey it. It should make semblances ; interrupt free from formalities, orders, systems and case in points. It should be different and be something formal society does non anticipate it to be. That is the ultimate pleasance, when regulations and bounds are considered incorrect and architecture becomes better than it should be. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . The thoughts of deconstructivism and pleasance one time once more manifests in the park s system of points represented by the grid of mental disorders. Figure 7: Grid of Mental disorders. ( Pugh, 2004 ) It replaces the traditional inactive park memorials by holding alone infinites and hosting assorted programmes. It becomes mention points for the park every bit good, holding room for extensions since it is non imposed with hierarchy. ( Pugh, 2004 ) . This abnormality deconstructs the traditional outlook and functionalist discourses. ( Masschelein & A ; Straeten, n.d. ) . Architecture of Pleasure This fragment besides talks about construct and infinite colliding, deconstruction of past principals and where regulations are transgressed and is considered perverse. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . Figure 8: Transgression. ( Damiani, 2003 ) The parks superimposition of three systems is irregular, additive and undulating, in contrast to the controlling and stoic 1s found in traditional Parkss. They do non take you to specific topographic points or a series of musca volitanss, they are random, merely moving as tracts in which you walk on. They are useless but this is the pleasance of architecture when it becomes something that society does non anticipate it to be. Desire/Fragments The last of the fragments high spots that architecture consists of fragments which exists in text and in dreams. It is the receiver of 1s thoughts and wants. Its elements seduce and wish to be brought to world. ( Tschumi, 1977 ) . The Parc de la Villette is the consequence of Tschumi s, Derrida s and Eisenman s coaction in making the ultimate urban park of the twenty-first century. It was derived from the designers theories of deconstructivism and was brought into world after winning a competition. The consequence of Tschumi s winning strategy with the aid of the other two is one of the universe most celebrated Parkss. The Parc de la Villette is an architecture of pleasance. Its early strategies, superimposition of three systems and mental disorders demonstrated its mention to Tschumi s fragments of The Pleasure of Architecture every bit good as the thoughts of deconstructivism. The denudation of these fragments will be used to associate to the UFA Cinema Center, how pleasure manifests from it in relation to Tschumi s impression of deconstructivism and pleasance. How does Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold incorporate their construct of deconstructivism into 1s indulgence of pleasance in the UFA Cinema Center? Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold came to be from the celebrated coupling of Wolf D. Prix. and Helmut Swiczinsky in 1968. The squad follows theoretical thoughts of antihumanism and facets of the organic structure, which is perceived as a atomization and decomposition, carried unto the design of their edifices under the subject of deconstructivism. ( Masschelein & A ; Straeten, n.d. ) . Like other deconstructivist designers Tschumi, Eisenman and Derrida, Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold challenges the constrains of the past such as Torahs, orders and formalities of given manners that is embedded into architecture and seeks for freedom and alteration in its subjects. ( Coop Himmelblau, n.d. ) . Their extremist thought brings 4th the UFA Cinema Center, their iconic work based on the theory of deconstructivism. Double Pleasure The film centre was completed in 1998, located in the historical site of Dresden, Germany. The edifice can be summarized as Eight films are placed in braces on four narratives in an unmoved concrete box, which due to its pick of heavy stuffs screens both the cinemagoer every bit good as the glass anteroom from the traffic noise of the next ring route. ( Skude, n.d. ) . The film centre was made to work out the job of public infinites in Dresden that is being sacrificed for the interest of development. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . Therefore a monofuctional edifice was proposed that adds urban infinites and maps inside, making a new experience of public infinites. ( Coop Himmelblau, n.d. ) . Tschumi s first fragment provinces that pleasance can be derived from the hit of spacial experience and geometry. The film can be divided into two linking units, the film block and the crystal. The film block non merely maps as a topographic point for films but serves as a perme able infinite which links with the environing streets, making a connexion between Pragerstra vitamin E and St. Petersburger Stra e. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . The crystal serves as both entry hall for the film every bit good as urban passageway, with Bridgess, inclines and stepss linking multiple degrees, enabling positions in different angles. This experience is like that of a movie construction. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . Therefore a dual pleasance in architecture is created form the occasions between the edifices geometrical drama that creates public infinites on the interior and the assorted maps that is injected into it. Figure 9: UFA Cinema Center, aerial position. ( pmoore66, 2009 ) Pleasure and Necessity Dresden is considered as a metropolis with historical values and an edgy society, constructing a film centre at the site was thought to be unusual. ( Skude, n.d. ) . The cinemas milieus consist of post-modern manner edifices with nil particular nor out of the ordinary. Public infinites were a job therefore the film is injected with a host of assorted maps to make public insides. To suit these infinites an extreme formed edifice in the form of a knife and stone was created with contents that functions out of the norm, hanging skybars, inclines and stepss placed irregularly and occasions of stuffs. These characteristics oppose the traditional thoughts of orders and formality ; it is uncomprehended by societies believing and hence rendered as useless. But it is this uselessness that becomes utile in making a edifice that maps good. The abuse of this edifice hence brings out pleasance. Figure 10: Section of UFA Cinema Center. ( Oasis China, 2005 ) Metaphor of Order- Bondage The film Centre is located on a triangular like site clouded with past memories of World War 2, confronting the busy steets of St Petersburgstrasse. Owned by developers with thoughts of capitalising fiscal returns. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . Society there was rejuvenated after post-war and is considered to be conservative. ( Skude, n.d. ) . Constructing a modern film composite which incorporates the designers thoughts of deconstructivism would be unusual if non perverse. They were bound by the heritage values of the site, the proprietors, and society s outlooks. Nevertheless a one of a sort edifice of that epoch arose from the ashes, disputing the old post-war designs and conservative outlooks. It was a edifice that was bounded by tight Torahs and restraints doing it even more enjoyable when it breaks free. Figure 11: Coop Himmelblau- UFA Cinema, 1993-98. ( roryrory, 2003 ) Rationality Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold emphasizes the signifier of this edifice for the interest of look ( Skude, n.d. ) , doing manner for a extremist and curiously shaped edifice, withstanding traditional Torahs and comprising of complicated inside informations and multiple kinds of infinites jumbled up in two different blocks. The crystal, looking as though it could structurally neglect at any clip comprises of an lift tower that bends back and Forth as it moves, albeit traveling vertically like a normal lift. ( Skude, n.d. ) . The unreason of this edifice hence creates pleasance. Figure 12: The lift tower. ( UFA- Kino â€Å" Kristallpalast † , n.d. ) Eroticism The thought of the UFA Cinema centre was to make a monofucntional edifice with inclusions of new urban infinites and media events inside to undertake the job of public infinites, and at the same clip integrating Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold s construct of deconstructivism. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . From there a unambiguously characterized edifice in the signifier of two irregular forms was created. The glass crystal which acts as a five narrative anteroom, is angled to contrast with the more closed film block ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) , and the thoughts of deconstructivism is more to a great extent applied. It connects to the exterior infinite utilizing its openness, and enables extremist prevarication of inclines, stepss and overcrossings which are reminiscent of Piranesi s plants. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . In the centre of the anteroom, are heavenly bars which are hung from the ceiling making a sense of drifting in infinite. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . With this a junction of infinite and construct is created, doing it titillating. Figure 13: Heavenly bars. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) Metaphor of Seduction- The Mask Public infinites are being eradicated for development as is acquiring lesser as we know it ; this is what Dresden is confronting. Public infinites are going unseeable as they are taken off. The film centre proves that urban public infinites can be created with development and can be physically seen without going unseeable. ( Wells, n.d. ) . The crystal anteroom is able to host assorted events and maps such as a coffeehouse, it acts as a public square at the same time. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . This is done by making a suited signifier to back up the programmes. The inclines and stepss that forms a circulation within the crystal allows positions to the outside from different degrees and at the same clip positions to the interior of the edifice through opaque beds. ( Wells, n.d. ) . The film block hosts eight films every bit good as being permeable to the streets. The edifice itself is a public infinite, masked behind playful geometries and hit of stuffs, when y ou discover what lies within, it becomes enjoyable. Figure 14: kakteen ecke. ( thost, 2007 ) Excess The UFA Cinema Center was unexpected, its modern like design is like an foreigner on the background of the old site. Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold ne'er intended to associate the edifice to its milieus. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . It started with the triangular form of the site, from there a triangular signifier is faced pointed to a corner of the film floor program while the fa ade steeply slopes outwards, making a signifier of that a knife or ship. The crystal, appears like the signifier of a propensity stone, resting against the film block and made of opaque glass, structured with steel rods around it, a contrast of the unsmooth film bunch. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . The edifice uses a robust of stuffs, glass, concrete, slabs of galvanized gratings, subdivision, stepss and supports made of unstained steeI, and aluminium window mullions. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . It is deconstructed, clearly free from trad itional orders and logics. The edifice exceeded the outlooks of society and it is different, it creates semblances and did non obey the yesteryear, it became better than it should be. Figure 15: Axonometric drawing. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) Figure 16: The playful edifice. ( Oasis China, 2005 ) Architecture of Pleasure The film centre proudly stands tall on the site of Dresden, as though cognizing the lower status of its encompassing architecture. As quoted from Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, We do non work against the old construction in order to destruct it. We work to make new infinites, where and when possible. If an old construction prevents us from making unfastened infinite, we destroy it. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . The film centre does non take into consideration its environing context nor will it give up to it. It is different, it does non follow typologies, logical building, formal orders or civilization. The disconnected signifier of the atilt crystal and the film block complete with interplays of stuffs making an internal urban public infinite transgresses traditional regulations. It is an architecture of pleasance because it is obsessed with itself. Figure 17: Ufa palast. ( lipar, 2008 ) Desire/Fragments The UFA Cinema Center was a consequence of the demand to make a monofunctional edifice to work out the job of public infinites in Dresden. It is made with purposes of maximal capital returns. ( Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold, 2001 ) . The thought of making a edifice which incorporates public infinites and media events into it, making an urban infinite. Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold brought it to life by chalk outing a psychogram with the undertakings maps and thoughts which are mock created in an artistic manner. The whole procedure including the edifice are fragments. Each unconscious desire and purpose is reflected in the creative activity of the edifice taking to a creative activity which exceeds bounds and defies outlooks. The deconstructivist thoughts of Coop Himmelb ( cubic decimeter ) gold can be seen in the manifestation of the UFA Cinema Centre in line with the manifestations in Tschumi s Parc de la Villette. The deconstruction of its architectural elements and the dynamism of its signifier is represented with the film block and the propensity crystal which creates public infinites indoors. The hit of these two facets creates pleasance, and it is titillating. The interplay of stuffs, injection of infinites and connexion between its inside and outside, forms its mask. The film centre, restrained by the site and its society like a game of bondage overcomes it with an architecture which surpasses bounds and outlooks. This one of a sort edifice of its epoch came to be from the designers desires of deconstruction and is an architecture of pleasance.

Education in Ancient Athens

No civilization can exist without education. All that didn’t perished quickly without a significant mark. Ancient Athens had an excellent system of education and therefore was able to prevail and live for a long time. Education was offered to boys in Athens and schooling started at the age of seven. All Athenians valued education. Even though schools have tuition fees, many poor people paid the money (McAllister). Students from ages seven to fourteen learned three main subjects. They learned grammar, which consisted of reading, writing and math.Music was an important subject to the Athenians and so was gymnastics (Dunkle). Reading and writing that was taught was useful for trade and business (Dunkle). Athenians learned gymnastics to promote health and strength (Dunkle). Music built up characteristics, and entertained friends, and was used to purify their souls (McAllister). The sensible education system of Athens was beneficial to their civilization. Too all students in Greece , the basic reading, writing and math were taught. Being taught reading and writing was helpful in trade.Traders all over the world commonly spoke Greek. It second language for educated people outside of Greece (Mazour). Learning Greek, would help communicate with traders in the world that don’t have Greek as their first language. After elementary school, sophists usually taught the students (Mazour). From them they learned about poetry, the government, ethics, astronomy and rhetoric (Mazour). Rhetoric was the study was public speaking and debating. Rhetoric was helpful to the democratic system that was Athens’ government.This was beneficial to the government because people could speak well in front of people and creating good arguments. Reading and writing isn’t all they valued. They also thought that music was important. The ancient philosopher, Aristole said that music served as education, but also as a pastime and amusement (Dunkle). In music class, they lea rned to sing, and play an instrument. By doing so, they were able to entertain guests at a party (Mazour). Music wasn’t always for these shows, but they supported a calm mind in a healthy body (Mazour). The type of music that a erson listened too also built the characteristics of that person, or so Plato says, â€Å"Teach them the poems of other morally good poets, setting them to the music of the kithara and compel rhythms and harmonies to dwell in the souls of the boys to make them more civilized, more orderly and more harmonious so that they will be good in speech and action† (Dunkle). Plato’s student, Aristotle also agreed to this, â€Å"Therefore it is evident that music is able to produce a certain effect on the character of the soul, and if it is able to do this, it is plain that the young must be introduced to and educated in [music]† (Dunkle).Aristotle stressed that the students must love music, and â€Å"mere appreciation would not be sufficien t† (Dunkle). Training in singing and the playing of an instrument was important. Students that learned went on competitions called Mouseia (Dunkle). This built their confidence and their morale. The Athenians had a special curriculum of gymnastics. In our time, it would be called physical education. Students had athletic training because it promoted good health, strength, courage, and it prepared them for warfare (Dunkle).Unlike Sparta that trained their children to death (Crystal), Athens were not concerned with specialization for a specific job, but to have a wide range of education (McAllister). Good health would lead to longer lifetimes and so Athen’s would be healthier overall. Strength and courage would be useful in battle or it public speeches. This means that Athenians wouldn’t be nervous and would look intimidating because of their good physique. Many kids studied from an early age. There were intelligent students that benefited Athens. The system of edu cation the Athenians had been well made and because of that Athens was able to thrive.It is similar to how our system works today, with College and able to be taught/ or tutored by teachers who are hired. How we have music classes like orchestra and choir. Also like how we have dance classes and physical education classes at school. It is a good system that our education system is based off of. Reading and writing taught the students to communicate and so they could communicate with traders. Music brought peace to the soul, but also served as entertainment. Physical education brought good health and children were able to prepare for warfare. These features of Athenian education made the Athenians stronger and more powerful.

Importance of Scientific Knowlege for Students Essay

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Personal testimony - Term Paper Example I am now saved through faith. And this faith I have according to Ephesians 2:8, did not even come from me, it came from God. In retrospect, everything about my salvation, my decision to receive Jesus in my heart, my humility to repent and all that led me to this salvation I now enjoy, all came from God as a gift so I have nothing to boast about. Works are nothing when we do not have Jesus. They do not bring us to heaven as most people think it is the way things work so that they spend much money in doing good things for others. Looking at such a perspective, people who do so are like buying their own salvation, which of course is a futile endeavor. Works matter when Jesus is in a person’s life because works are the manifestations of the fruit of the Spirit of God in man, showing the love of God to all men who are the very reason why Jesus came to this earth. Salvation is a gift, however, a Christian also has the responsibility of working out his salvation as Paul encouraged hi s disciples in Philippi (Philippians 2:12). As a soldier enlists in the Army, he has a responsibility to carry out his duties to be worthy of his profession. No one enlists in the Army and runs away and does whatever he likes to do, otherwise he is not a true soldier. The same is true in Christianity, once a person receives Jesus Christ as his Lord and Savior, a contract is made which is sort of a marriage contract, sealed by the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 1:13). Enlisting in the Christian Army, one expects to be in the battlefield where Satan is the enemy (Matthew 13:39, Luke 10:19, Acts 13:10). The enemy’s job is to steal, kill and to destroy (John 10:10) thus, it is encouraged of the Christian to exercise his faith, waging war against evil and not giving in to it. When temptations come our way, Satan is there to steal our peace, destroy our relationship with God and kill our love to the Lord. The Christian fights by overcoming temptations, silencing the evil whispers of Satan and standing by the Word of God. My Testimony ‘For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, this very popular verse found in the book of John 3:16 seemed to me like just another literary piece of work that Sunday school teachers teach to children to augment one’s appreciation to literature. Growing up in a Christian family; going to church, opening the Bible, singing in the choir and joining other church activities was not at all different to me than what we do in school. They all seemed to me a part of living, a responsibility that I needed to do without truly understanding. 1 Corinthians 13:4-8, another well known verse on love, helped me understand the love of God. Of course it is easy to understand that when I think of God’s love because He is God, I know He is able to be so patient, kind, not keep records of wrongs, to always protect, always hope, always persevere and never fail. It is so easy to say ‘I love you’ to God because everyone in church says so and soon it becomes a fixture, one says the words without even thinking about it. Yet when it comes to my self, I find it so disappointing for me to be unable to love others as I should. 1 John 4:20 slapped me awake to the profound truth that I was a liar, saying I love God when in fact I do not love my fellow men according to the Bible’s definition of love. Getting into a relationship with God, I am able to relate with how I am supposed to live a Christian life through the life of Hosea. Reading the prophet’

King James I of England (VI of Scotland) Research Paper

King James I of England (VI of Scotland) - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to explain why King James sought to the rigorous witch hunts particularly throughout Scotland and also why he did not rally the same in England. The paper starts with a brief introduction about King James’s road to monarchy, followed by the reasons behind his interest in demonology and witchcraft. This paper also explains some of the torture tactics that were used by the King and his company in order to persecute the witches and how the witch hunts initially began. Some of the content of the King’s book on the subject is also covered in the research paper in order to prove certain points from history and the King’s obsession with the idea and persecution of witches. Introduction King James I of England and VI of Scotland had had a rough past before he was crowned as the King of England in 1603, following the demise of Queen Elizabeth. Following the death of his mother, Queen Mary, at the age of thirteen months he was crowned as the King of Scotla nd. It is said that King James was amongst the most learned Kings in history, he knew a vast variety of languages due to which he did not need translators in order to perform trade deals. The fact that he ruled England and Scotland both comes as a surprise to many, since it is obvious that the Scott and the English have always remained at odds. Yet a Scott ruled England for a considerable period of time and was quite loved by the English, therefore it is said that King James united the English and Scott and was responsible for reducing the animosity that existed between the two (Mabry , 30-31). King James’s Interest in Demonology Demonology has been defined as the study of demons or of demonic belief (Merriam-Webster). Demonology was a topic that had gained immense popularity by the 16th century. Therefore at the time when King James started his scholarly career in the study of demonology, a lot of literature regarding the topic already existed to provide assistance. As a sub ject, demonology was restricted to the elite while the poor merely stuck to their beliefs regarding the devil and its worshippers. King James’s interest in Demonology is said to have its roots in his visit to Denmark, when he was going to see his future wife. On his visit, he met with the famous Danish demonologist Niels Hemmingsen, in 1589-1590. The idea of demonology was only remotely known in Scotland till it was taken interest in by King James; rather many of the scholars say that King James was the one who introduced the idea of Demonology in Scotland (Ryynanen , 1-39). King James was the only monarch in history to have studied and written a book on the subject of demonology. The title of the book was Daemonologie. Many scholars see the political inclinations of the book and argue that the third part of the book, with descriptions of the demons seems somewhat different than the first two parts and is thought to have been influenced by the political turmoil he had to face during the 1590s. On his visit to Denmark, King James was stuck in a terrible storm and that is what triggered his belief in the idea of witchcraft and demonology. The Witch Hunts While on his way to Denmark, the King’s ship was stuck in a dangerous storm, which was later confessed to have been a witch plot to take the life of King James. It was this confession in the 1590 that led to the rigorous witch hunt throughout Scotland in 1590 (Normand and Roberts). Amongst the very first instances of the persecutions during the witch hunt was that of Geillis Duncane, the maidservant of David Seaton - a deputy bailiff. Duncane was skilled in medicinal treatment through herbs. This skill led to her curing many of the people who came to her with various ailments. This

Project evaluation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project evaluation report - Essay Example In the past few years the online business and e-commerce platforms have changed traditional business practices. The new online business arrangements are becoming more reliable and simple to use to attract a large number of people for online shopping and deals. In this scenario, the web based platforms are offering an excellent support for improving the quality of traditional business working and operations (Dix et al., 2003; Turban et al., 2005; Whitten et al., 2000). This report presents a detailed analysis of a new website idea. This website is about presenting multimedia material for public. The basic idea of this website is to develop an e-commerce business. This website will contain a wide variety of contents which can be viewed and downloaded by the website users. This report covers an evaluation of a web site: http://a-alfuhaid.com/. This report will present an analysis of some of the important web site features and aspects. This report will also assess aims, objectives, requi rements, and design and application level aspects of http://a-alfuhaid.com/. Aim and Objectives The word multimedia is composed of two words in which â€Å"Multi† denotes a lot of and â€Å"Media† denotes presentation of any form of information. So we can say that multimedia is exhibition of some form of information in any format. ... In this scenario, interactive multimedia can also encompass many forms of multimedia including graphics, text, animation, video and sound in the way we want (Brown & Hurt, 2004; Net Industries, 2011; Wenger, 2008). Moreover, the multimedia is mostly used in the entertainment and the fine arts inductor. In addition, it is extensively used in movies and animations. However, the production of the video games also involves extensive usage of the multimedia. Additionally, the education sector has also started recently making use of the multimedia technology for the better information delivery and learning. In fact, all the industries and businesses are now increasing the heavy use of the multimedia technology that provides help to present information to their shareholders and coworkers. In this scenario, they use multimedia technology for advertising, offering worker training, and selling products to the whole world with virtually limitless internet-based technologies (Brown & Hurt, 2004; Net Industries, 2011; Wenger, 2008). Figure No 1- Digital Multimedia source [http://piotech.wsd.wednet.edu/techtwounits/01presentations/task1/01intro/multimediaIntro.html] Thus, seeing the increasing use of this technology in all the fields of life we have decided to implement a multimedia website. This website will offer online multimedia support and material. This website will be named: http://a-alfuhaid.com/. The major aims and objective of this website development is to offer following major multimedia contents: Online multimedia support Online Pictures Online e-cards Online poems Online music Blogs The above multimedia contents will offer us a great deal of capability to better start an online

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Chemistry - Essay Example From this simple story we can see the different states of matter obtained and the different phase changes which occur to matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has a mass. Matter exists in different states which include: solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates. According to the kinetic theory of matter, all matter is made of atoms or molecules which have a motion energy which we perceive as temperature. Atoms and molecules are constantly in motion and the more the energy the matter has the more the molecular movement and consequently a higher temperature. The amount of energy in atoms and molecules influences the intermolecular forces holding them such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces and thus the state of matter of a substance. Solids are formed as a result of strong attractive forces which hold the atoms or molecules together. These forces are far much stronger than the forces which are trying to force the atoms apart and thus the individual atoms and molecules are fixed in a position. The atoms and molecules however retain their motion which becomes limited to just vibration. When John was exercising and holding the exercise bikes and rowing machines the amount of energy created during training increases the temperature of the solids (exercise bikes e. t. c.) thus increasing the amount of vibration but because the molecules are locked in place the solids retain a fixed shape and volume. When the temperature of solids increases the movement of individual molecules can increase and will change into liquid. The liquids are normally formed when the energy of a body in solid state increases leading to the breakdown of the forces maintaining its rigid state. Mary’s ice cream for example sometimes turns into liquid as she admires John doing his exercises and forgets her ice cream. As a result of this the molecules in liquids can move past one another although they remain relatively

Shawshank Redemption Essay Essay Example for Free

Shawshank Redemption Essay Essay Analyse how at least one setting helped you better understand one or two characters or individuals. !! In the film, The Shawshank Redemption the director, Frank Darabont, uses the prison setting to help the audience to better understand the inmates of Shawshank State Prison. Darabont uses an array of film techniques to illustrate his purpose of institutionalisation and the importance of hope. !! The nature of the prison is cold and oppressive. The prison is lit by blue/grey lighting that complements the blue and grey backgrounds of the walls, adding a claustrophobic ambience to the already disheartening prison. Darabont cleverly uses the prison setting in The Marriage of Figaro by Mozart Scene to help the audience understand how the inmates have become institutionalised from everyday prison life. Not only does this scene uncover institutionalisation, but also how the prisoners respond to the feeling of hope and therefore exposing its importance. Andy Dufresne, a former vice president of a bank who was wrongly accused of murdering his wife and her lover, is shown excitedly going through a box of records. He comes across a certain album, Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro, he pulls it from the stack and plays it on a phonograph. Andy works up his courage and broadcasts the duet to the entire prison.!! Darabont effectively uses the technique of soundtrack to convey how the inmates have become institutionalised to benefit the audiences understanding. Soundtrack enables the audience to understand the toll prison has had on the inmates, as said by Red Redding, a longtime inmate of Shawshank State, they send you here for life, and thats exactly what they take. The part that counts, anyway. We understand that the inmates feel that they are defined by the walls of the prison and have accepted that theres no way theyre going to make it on the outside as quoted by Red Redding. As the music plays, the inmates stop still, hypnotised and overcome by its beauty. Inmates either go up to the windows or look up at the sky in an attempt to look beyond the prison walls. This shows how they have become institutionalised as they are transfixed by something so simple. The inmates melodramatic response to the sound of music enables the audience to understand how much they are missing out on life. We better understand the inmates by learning that even though they essentially resented prison regime, it quickly became part of their life and soon depended on the prisons rules and came to believe that they could not function without it. The inmates have ultimately lost their independence. !! Other techniques in this scene include dialogue and voiceover. These techniques are effectively used to show the necessity of hope to the inmates. During this scene, we see shots of the inmates either looking out windows or up at the sky, complemented by Reds voiceover he says, I have no idea to this day what them two Italian ladies were singing about I tell you those voices soared. Higher and farther than anybody in a grey place dares to dream. It was like some beautiful bird flapped into our drab little cage and made these walls dissolve away and for the briefest of moments every last man at Shawshank felt free. Red speaks for the rest of Shawshanks inmates as he metaphorically uses the beautiful bird to symbolise hope. He states how it made the prison walls dissolve away and allowed every last man at Shawshank to feel free. Hope enabled them to withstand the drudgeries of prison life and gave them the will to live. Another technique used is dialogue which directly addresses the importance of hope. Near the end of the scene, we see Andy and fellow inmates having a conversation in the prison cafeteria where Andy says, we need it (hope) so we dont forget that there are things in this world not carved out of grey stone. That theres a small place inside of us that they can never lock away, and that place is called hope. Andy enlightens his peers by teaching them that hope cannot physically be taken away. Its something that you decide whether you take it into account or not. We can a better understand of the inmates as we learn that hope is not only wishful thinking, but never giving up and more importantly it is the foundation for motivation. Inmates know that hope is fundamental to prison survival and know that whatever prison or oppressors may do to the body, they can never kill the soul. !! From the prisons setting we gain a better understanding of the prison inmates. We gain insight about the inmates and how institutionalisation slowly crept in their lives, but also how hope serves an importance purpose to their welfare. Hope is very significant in todays society; hope gives us motivation or strength to withstand adversity. Hope is something that carries a person through life just like it does for the men of Shawshank Prison. Darabont uses the film techniques of soundtrack, voiceover and dialogue to help the audience gain a better understanding of the prison inmates in the film.

Scottish Independence Essay Example for Free

Scottish Independence Essay â€Å"The beauty of independence, departure, actions that rely on themselves† -Walt Whitman Currently Scotland is part of the United Kingdom. Scottish Independence is â€Å"a political aim for some political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals in Scotland for the country to once again become an independent sovereign state.† A Referendum (â€Å"A general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.†) will be held on Thursday, 18 September, 2014 to decide whether Scotland should become an independent country. I am for Scotland being an independent country primarily because of, but not limited to, the points listed below. Scotland will be more prosperous and economically better off as an independent country. In any society, one of the main questions asked before any sort of political decision, whether it be by the prime minister or just an electorate deciding who to vote for, is if I decide on this option, will I or the country be better off because of it. It is no surprise then that this is one of the main points brought up in the referendum debate. Objectively it seems that Scotland and subsequently the people of Scotland will be financially better off if Scotland were to become independent. A lot of people say this is primarily because of the North Sea oil. Although North Sea oil is important and is in itself another point of discussion/concern for the Scottish government and its people, even without it Scotlands economic output per head is 99 percent of the UK average- and with oil it is 118 percent. This means that over the last 30 years we’ve paid more than our share of tax.. This isn’t a recent or random occurrence either, for decades the amount of tax revenue generated in Scotland per person has been greater than the figure for the UK as a whole. In the most recent year, Scotland contributed  £56.9 Billion in tax revenue. That’s equivalent to  £10,700 for every person in Scotland. In Comparison the average tax revenue in the UK as a whole was just  £9000 pound per person. If you do the math then Scotland has been paying  £1,700 a head extra in taxes. As mentioned previously however, this isn’t a recent thing and has been going on for decades. As a  matter of fact since 1981 Scotland has paid  £222 billion more than we would have done if we had just matched the contribution made per head by the UK as a whole. This all equates to almost  £45,000 extra paid for every person living in Scotland. Scotland makes up 8.4 percent of the United Kingdoms population and generates 9.9 percent of its taxes, but only gets back 9.3 percent back again to spend on essential services. Scotland’s finances were stronger than uks by  £4.4 billion, this means if Scotland got independence we would have  £4.4 billion extra to spend and still be in the same financial position as the UK is now. All this leads up to the fact that if Scotland were to become an independent country we would be 8th in the OECD league table of the world’s advanced economies in terms of GDP per head. By contrast, the UK would only be in 17th place. Scotlands wealth per head was  £27,211. The UK figure was  £23,002 per head. Public Spending in Scotland only accounts for 42.7 percent of Scotland’s gdp compared to 45.5 percent for the uk as a whole. Withdrawing the nuclear weapons from the Clyde will save  £163 each year and if the current government introduce the proposed new nuclear missiles then that means saving  £250 million a year. oil and gas revenue would flow to Scotland and expect to contribute  £48 billion in next six years. An independent Scotland would mean a renewed and fairer democracy. If you refer back to the definition of Scottish independence, then you see that the aim is for Scotland to become an independent sovereign state. a sovereign state is â€Å"a nonphysical juridical entity of the international legal system that is represented by a centralized government that has supreme independent authority over a geographic area† all sovereign states are countries but not all countries are sovereign states. Scotland is classified as a country however it is currently part of the sovereign state known as the United Kingdom. If you apply the definition to this context then the centralized government is Westminster and the geographic area is the whole of the UK. If you think about it like that it doesnt really seem fair that Scotland has to abide by the laws and policies brought in by a different country. Scotland does have mps in westminster but this usually does little the change the verdict due to the following fact: After the 2010 general election 650 mps were elected, 553 from England, 59 from Scotland, 40 from Wales and 18 from  northern Ireland, This means that no matter if every mp from Scotland votes against a policy all it would take is one tenth of the rest of the mps to vote for it and it would be passed. An example would be the recent bedroom tax, 9% of Scottish mps voted for and 91% against it but the tax still went through, another example would be the welfare cuts, 19% Scottish mps voted for and 81% voted against and it but it went ahead and will force, experts believe, 60,000 more Scottish children into poverty. This has also happened with austerity cuts VAT increases and many more policies were Scotland’s mps have voted against it yet it still affects Scotland because more mps from different countries vote for it. This affects Scotland politically but as a result of and possibly even more importantly economically, this is represented well by the previous statistics and also by the fact that the UK government has placed trident missiles at faslane on the Clyde, even though the majority of Scottish citizens are against it, yet were paying  £163 million extra a year to keep weapons we dont want in a place where we dont want it to be kept. However, with regard to the above arguments, not everything about Scottish independence would be easy sailing and clear skies, it couldnt be or the majority of the population wouldnt be voting against independence. The Scotsman polls Yes at 33-34% and No at 52-57%. The Daily Mail puts it at 27% for Yes and 56% for No. Herald Scotland says 27% will vote Yes and 41% will vote No. It seems that the consensus among people is that Scotland will remain part of the UK. Below are some reasons why people may be deciding against independence Scotlands future seems uncertain if we get independence. Alot of things about the referendum and Scotlands future are very cloudy and even after the release of the white paper, which was meant to clear up a lot of these issues so that the people could make their own informed decision, there are still a lot of points which people and even the government are unsure about. An example of this would be the amount of debt which Scotland would take on if it were to get independence. The UK has a debt of 88.7% of their GDP (as of 2012, its expected to have risen to around 90%) and if scotland were to become independent then it is expected that Scotland would take on anywhere  from 0 to  £140 billion of this or even more,its just not clear enough yet how much debt Scotland would take on.Another question is what currency Scotland would employ after they gained Independence. Alex Salmond vows that he will keep the pound however no official agreement has taken place. According to the Scotsman Alex Salmond held â€Å"technical† discussions on the proposal with the former Bank Governor, Mervyn King,last year.Many people, like George Osborne and Alistair Carmichael, think it is unlikely that the two countries will share the pound sterling, with george osborne even going as far to say that he will block scotland from retaining the pound.This is discussed in further detail below.If Scotland were to get independence they would have to leave the EU, according to the spanish prime minister, who is dealing with a similar situation with catalonias proposed independence, he said If a part of the territory of a member state ceases to be a part of that state because that territory becomes a new independent state, treaties will no longer apply to that territory, In other words, a new independent state would, by the fact of its independence, become a third countr y with respect to the Union and the treaties would, from the day of its independence, not apply anymore on its territory. they can re-apply for membership, which is what Alex Salmond would intend to do, however all of the countries would have to accept/agree with Scotland joining the EU. Scotland would have problems with the currency. No matter if Scotland retain the pound or not, they will run into consequences with whatever option they choose. As it stands there are 3 options Scotland has in terms of currency: 1.Keep the pound, this is what Alex Salmond wants,however if Scotland and England were going to agree to a â€Å"Currency Union† (â€Å"where two or more states share the same currency, though without there necessarily having any further integration†) then it would ultimately put Constraints on an independent Scotland’s economic policies: even if it could be agreed, a formal currency union would severely limit an independent Scotland’s economic freedom – to ensure that risks to the rest of the UK were managed an independent Scotland would lose some of its power over decisions on its own â€Å"fiscal policy† (for example, how much it could spend on health, education, and so on) with the Bank of England also determining interest rates and the cost of borrowing in Scotland and would have to accept the rest of the UK having oversight of  its tax and spending plans. This all in a way defeats one of the main points of Scottish Independence, which is for Scotland to have complete economic independence and to have full control over taxes, public expenditure etc. As you can see this would not be the case if an Independent Scotland were to adopt the Pound. Another option would be to join the Euro. This would possibly be the worst decision as all the problems associated with adopting the pound would be present in adopting the Euro, just worse. Many more countries in the eurozone are running into debt and having to accept bailouts, primarily because of fact that one shoe doesnt fit all in terms of the politics of the eurozone, theres not really any way to tell if an Independent Scotland would benefit from the policies and regulations set in by the european union in terms of the euro. The last option would be that Scotland creates its own currency. On the outside it seems to dissolve the problems of another country/set of counties having a large influen ce and in some instances complete control of many of the economic policies and taxings within Scotland. While this is probably the best option, starting a new currency is no easy task. Apart from the decisions to be made on the actual currency like what would be printed on the currency, what materials the coins/notes would be made from in terms of percentages, what the new currency would be called, however these are just minor problems, the real problems would be figuring out how to get the new currency into the system, with rules possibly having to be put in place to prevent large amounts of Pounds Sterling leaving the country. Laws would have to be formed to grant the new currency status of legal tender, as well as laws which define and control the use of the currency. All of these laws would also have to be approved by parliament.To change the currency would take about 6 months minimum, but in reality it would probably take alot longer. The actual printing of the money could possibly run into tens of millions of pounds, but the actual process of the currency swap would be the most costly. All of this would have to be highly scrutinized,as if there was any uncertainty over the details of the currency it could potentially drive away countries or businesses looking to invest in scotland or its new currency. To sum up, even though a lot of the details about scottish independence are still cloudy and a lot of people are scared about what might happen if we  gain independence and if such a small country could support itself, the bottom line seems to be with complete political and possibly economic independence, we would get to make decisions based on our own needs, and not the whole UK’s. Even though we do still rely quite heavily on Oil, its still a while to go before it runs out, and in that time hopefully the money generated by it will be invested into different economic sectors to fuel Scotlands powerful economy. With Reference to the quote by Walt Whitman, we must take action and rely upon ourselves to make the right decision in relation to this countrys economic and political well being, even if it might seem scary, no-one ever got anywhere by running away from a situation and sitting on their hands just because the idea scared them. Alex Salmond described the referendum as a â€Å"once in a lifetime opportunity† and it would be such a shame to see this opportunity wasted due to the sheer pride and prejudice of people.

Pain In Cardiothoracic Surgery Numerical Rating For Pain Nursing Essay

Pain In Cardiothoracic Surgery Numerical Rating For Pain Nursing Essay Pain is frequently experienced post-operatively, after cardiothoracic surgery, and is thus a core component of nursing practice (Kalso, Perttunen, and Kaasinen, 2002). This assignment introduces the concept of pain and highlights the importance of the accurate assessment of pain in terms of the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC, 2008) Code of Practice and recommended guidelines. This is followed by an evaluation of pain assessment outcome measures, with particular focus on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain. The NRS, when used as a self-report outcome measure, is the gold standard for pain assessment. It is a psychometrically and operationally robust pain assessment measure, as supported by the evidence presented within this assignment. Not only is the NRS associated with a number of beneficial patient outcomes, but it has also been found to facilitate communication between patients, healthcare professionals, and multidisciplinary teams (de Rond et al., 2001). Pain in Cardiothoracic Surgery: The Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Assessment This assignment introduces the concept of pain and highlights the importance of the accurate assessment of pain within the cardiothoracic surgery setting. This is followed by an evaluation of pain assessment outcome measures, with particular focus on the gold standard self-report outcome measure, the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. Background In the UK, over 10,000 cases of thoracic surgery are carried out each year, with pain being frequently reported post-surgery (Perttunen, Tasmuth, and Kalso, 1999; Maguire et al., 2006). One study found that persistent pain lasting more than 6-months was reported by 44% of patients after a thoracotomy (Kalso, Perttunen, and Kaasinen, 2002). The prevalence of chronic pain after thoracic surgery has been reported as a significant problem that is consistently rated by patients as being one of the most difficult problems following surgery; it can impact a patients life for several years, severely depleting their quality of life (Maguire et al., 2006). Despite the prevalence and burden of pain, the literature highlights many cases of poor clinical practice in the assessment and management of post-operative pain (Dihle et al., 2006; Schoenwald and Clark 2006). This is regardless of past quality improvement initiatives and changes to practice, which comprised the establishment of clinical nurse specialists, multidisciplinary pain teams, and standardised pain assessment tools (The Royal College of Surgeons of England and College of Anaesthetists, 1990). Inadequate assessment and management of post-operative pain poses a number of implications for the patient and the NHS. For example, pain can result in increased levels of anxiety, sleep disturbance, restlessness, irritability, and aggression, as well as limitations in mobility (Macintyre and Ready, 2001; Carr et al., 2005). More importantly, post-operative pain is an unnecessary ordeal that causes heightened distress (Macintyre and Ready, 2001; Carr et al., 2005). It can also have physiological effects on patients, which may lead to complications and delayed discharge from hospital, including increases in heart rate and blood pressure, delayed gastric emptying, nausea, vomiting, and paralytic ileus (paralysis of the intestine). Difficulties coughing, resulting from increased pain on exertion, can result in chest infections and additional problems, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus (Sjostrom et al 2000; Macintyre and Ready, 2001). At worst, unrelieved pain can be lif e-threatening, especially in older people with comorbidities (Hamil, 1994). Pain is the fifth vital sign in the physiological assessment of patients, making it a core component of nursing practice (Chronic Pain Policy Coalition, 2008). The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organisations has made it mandatory for hospitals to assess pain in patients (Krebs, Carey, and Weinberger, 2007). Nurses are morally and ethically responsible for the accurate assessment of post-operative pain (Dimond, 2002), since this is vital for identifying the nature and severity of pain as well as for administering pain relief interventions and ascertaining the effectiveness of such interventions (Mackintosh, 2007). As an example, pain scores can be used alongside the WHO (1990) three-step analgesic ladder in the administration of pain relief. The assessment of pain is complex and decisions are required as to the most accurate method of assessment within different clinical environments and with different patients. One such complex decision is whether to measure pain observationally or via self-reports and this decision is most likely to be led by conceptions of pain. If defined as a subjective experience, or as described by McCaffery and Beebe (1968, p. 95) as, whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does, then choice of assessment is most likely to be self-report. Self-report is the gold standard for measuring pain since subjective experiences can only be measured from the perspective of the patient (Wood, 2004). The importance of self-report pain assessment is highlighted in a study by Whipple et al. (1995) whereby, out of 17 trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit, 95% of doctors and 81% of nurses felt that the patients had adequate pain relief; in contrast, 74% of patients rated their pain as moderate or severe. Many other studies confirm this inconsistency between the subjective pain reported by patients and the objective pain reported by healthcare professionals (Sjostrom et al., 2000; Marquie et al., 2003; Sloman et al., 2005). There are a vast array of patient-reported outcome measures for assessing pain, including uni-dimensional scales that measure one element of pain (such as intensity) and multidimensional scales that measure more characteristics of pain and its impact (Macintyre et al., 2010). Whilst multidimensional tools might be better for chronic long-term conditions, uni-dimensional scales have been reported to be effective for acute pain, which can be experienced in the cardiothoracic surgery setting (Wood, 2008). Multi-dimensional measures of pain are rarely used post-surgery as they are more complex and time-consuming (Coll et al., 2004). Therefore, this assignment evaluates selected literature on uni-dimensional outcome measures within this context, with particular focus on the measure recommended by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine in their guidance on Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence (Macintyre et al., 2010): The Numerical Rating Scale for Pain. Methodology Literature pertaining to the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain was searched in order to identify articles on the NRS and comparative pain assessment tools. The following keywords were used within the search strategy: pain AND numerical rating scale OR NRS AND surgery. The search was limited to articles comprising adult participants. The search was also limited to records no earlier than 2005 in an effort to obtain the most recent evidence examining the NRS. Nevertheless, where these records have cited earlier research assessed as being applicable to this assignment, these records have also been obtained and used as evidence. Results A total of 88 records were retrieved from the pre-defined search criteria, 28 of which were not relevant to this assignment. A total of 60 records were evaluated for evidence to be included within this assignment. In synthesising the evidence within these records and the utilised pain assessment tools, a framework created by Fitzpatrick et al. (1998) was adopted. This framework, designed to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate patient-reported outcome measures, promotes a consideration of the following psychometric properties and operational characteristics: appropriateness of the instrument to the purpose and setting; reliability; validity; responsiveness; precision; interpretability; acceptability; and feasibility. Examples of three of the most frequently utilised uni-dimensional pain assessment measures, as discussed within the following appraisal of the literature, can be found in appendix 1. Literature Appraisal The reviewed evidence suggests that the four most commonly utilised uni-dimensional pain assessment tools are the verbal rating scales (VRS), numerical rating scale (NRS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and pictorial rating scale (PRS). Such tools were developed due to the lack of feasibility associated with using multidimensional outcome measures within the clinical environment (Wood, 2004). Uni-dimensional tools such as the VRS, NRS, VAS and PRS enable health professionals to quantify pain intensity from a subjective perspective without being too time-consuming and without creating a burden for patients. Verbal rating scales are descriptive in nature, allowing patients to rate their pain intensity on a scale of no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, or severe pain (Wood 2004; Williamson and Hoggart, 2005). They have been reported as being one of the easiest tools to understand and use, whilst also offering the option of being completed verbally or in written format. The VRS has been adopted and integrated into acute settings, with numbers to rate pain being used in observation charts (e.g. 1=mild pain; 2=moderate pain, etc.). Such integration into standard practice increases the feasibility of the scale, whilst using numbers to document pain provides ease of interpretability. Of caution, however, is that although verbal rating scales are easy to use, the adjectives do not necessarily represent equal intervals of pain. Indeed, patients may wish to express their pain in via a word not appearing within the list of adjectives they have been presented with (Schofield, 1995). Due to the use of words to describe pain, the VRS is dependent on both the respondents interpretation and understanding of the terms, as well as the health professionals interpretation. It has, therefore, been suggested that this scale lacks the sensitivity and accuracy of other pain rating scales (Baillie 1993). Jensen et al. (1994) suggested that the lack of sensitivity of the VRS could lead to an over or underestimation of changes in pain being experienced and, as such, could make it difficult to manage pain appropriately and effectively. In contrast to the VRS, the visual analogue scale (VAS) uses a 100mm horizontal or vertical line with extremes of pain placed at either end of the line so that the patient marks their pain intensity along the continuum. The distance to the line can then be measured and documented. A VAS rating of greater than 70mm is usually the threshold indicative of severe pain (Aubrun et al., 2008). However, the VAS poses a number of limitations within the clinical setting. It requires a greater degree of cognitive functioning, physical dexterity, and concentration than other measures of pain, and thus it is not suitable for some patients, including older patients and those with visual difficulties (Krulewitch et al., 2000). Indeed, Chapman and Syrjala (1990) estimated that 7-11% of adults would have difficulty using the VAS, whilst Wood (2004) went on to find that about 20% of patients are either unable to complete the VAS or find it confusing. Also, because it is administered verbally, it might be difficult to use after general anaesthesia or administration of some analgesics. In addition, the VAS has been found to be highly sensitive to changes in levels of pain, which can make it difficult to use (Bird and Dickson, 2001). Overall, the VAS has been found to be the least suitable uni-dimensional pain assessment measure, especially if administered after cardiac surgery (Pesonen et al., 2008). Numerical rating scales (NRS) offer an alternative to descriptive measures of pain by assessing pain intensity numerically, on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). A value of four or more is most often used as a threshold to guide clinical intervention (Mularski, 2006). On the other hand, the most recent guidance from the World Union of Wound Healing Societies (WUWHS, 2007) makes no reference to pain score thresholds, merely offering that change in pain level may indicate a need to reassess the patient. The NRS has been found to be highly acceptable to patients when compared to other pain scales (WUWHS, 2007) and, like the VRS, it has the advantage of being validated for verbal or written administration, which makes it feasible for use with patients who have differing levels of ability to complete such assessments (Paice and Cohen, 1997). It has been shown that older patients, post-operative patients, and patients with poor motor coordination are able to use the NRS (Rodriguez, 2001; Aubrun et al., 2003). It is not recommended, however, for patients with post-operative confusion (Ferrell et al., 1995). The NRS is more sensitive than the VRS, although some patients might find it difficult to describe their pain numerically (Carpenter and Brockopp, 1995). The NRS for pain is recommended by the The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine developed guidance on Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence (Macintyre et al., 2010), which is endorsed by the Faculty of Pain Medicine, Royal College of Anaesthetists in the UK as well the International Association for the Study of Pain. The guidance aims to combine a review of the best available evidence for acute pain management with current clinical practice and was designed to provide information based on best evidence. The support cited within the document shows a good correlation between the VAS and NRS, indicating good levels if convergent validity with a measure purporting to assess the same construct. However, this correlation is not as strong in cardiothoracic patients compared to non-cardiothoracic patients (Ahlers et al., 2008). The document also highlights that the NRS is usually preferable, most certainly among patients (Herr et al., 2004). This is likely due to its feasibility in terms of burden to patients and staff since it only takes 30 seconds to complete (Downie et al., 1978). Importantly, the NRS has been found to be responsive to interventions such as patient-controlled analgesia (Li, Liu and Herr 2009), making it an effective instrument for monitoring pain management. The scale is also highly Downie et al. (1978) also found the NRS to have superior accuracy when compared to the VAS and simple descriptive measures of pain such as the VRS. It could be argued that the NRS provides a compromise between the VRS, which offers only a few descriptors for patients to choose from, and the VAS, which has been reported to offer too much choice and to be confusing. In terms of comparability against observer-based measures of pain, the NRS has been found to be more sensitive to detecting pain than the Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) in both cardiothoracic and non-cardiothoracic patients (Ahlers et al., 2008). The authors rationalise that when using the NRS, health professionals tend to gather more background information on the patient, taking into consideration pain over time. In contrast, the BPS measures pain at one point in time, is objective, and lacks a contextual basis for interpretation. Therefore, the authors recommend that the BPS is only used alongside the NRS (Ahlers et al., 2008). This again supports self-reported pain as being the gold-standard for pain assessment and management. Importantly, studies have demonstrated that improvements in pain assessment and documentation frequently lead to more effective pain management (Erdek and Pronovost, 2004). In terms of the NRS, the evidence suggests that using this scale frequently results in favourable clinical outcomes such as decreased incidence of pain and agitation, as well as a decrease in the duration of mechanical ventilation (Chanques et al., 2006). It also enhances the nurse-patient relationship by providing acknowledgment of pain (Briggs, 2003). These positive outcomes are likely related to the fact that healthcare professionals are less liable to underestimate a patients level of pain when using the NRS than when compared to not using it. One study showed that of patients experiencing pain, where a discrepancy was reported between patient and nurse ratings, the NRS had not been used in 45% of such cases (Lorenz et al., 2009). This problem is especially apparent when patients rate their pain as being unacc eptable; nurses tend to underestimate the level of pain if not collecting pain ratings from patients using the NRS (Ahlers et al., 2008). In this sense, the NRS and, indeed, other pain measures are invaluable for facilitating patient communication of pain and expression of pain (Wood, 2004). The NRS also offers a number of practical advantages in that it is easy to teach to all staff and patients, as well as being easy to score and document. The documentation of all measures of pain is fundamental for the delivery of effective care, and it also facilitates communication between multidisciplinary team members (American Pain Society, 1995). The NRS is a valid and reliable measure of pain, but does still need to be used with caution and professional judgment as some studies have found a lack of consistency between ratings of pain. For example, one study found that whilst a patient might express a reduction in pain after an intervention, their score on the NRS remains the same (Mackintosh, 2005). Furthermore, a rating of, for example, seven by one patient might have a different meaning to another patient (Sloman et al., 2000). However, provided that such limitations are taken into consideration and efforts made to supplement the information gathered from the NRS, the instrument can be a highly effective tool for the assessment and management of pain (Mackintosh, 2005). Such supplementary enquiry might include observation and history taking, as recommended by McCaffery and Pasero (1999). Implications for Practice Despite the many benefits to uni-dimensional outcome measures of pain, such tools need to be used with caution as they only focus on limited aspects of the pain experience, arguable oversimplifying the complexity of the experience (Wood, 2004). They also pose the risk of being misinterpreted, a risk that cannot be rectified via descriptive tools since interpretation difficulties are also present when using the VRS. For example, what constitutes moderate pain might vary across patients and health professionals, as well as be dependent on factors such as personality, culture, and experience (Closs et al., 2004). The validity and reliability of all pain assessment tools, including the NRS, can be enhanced by familiarising the patient with the assessment tool and explaining the reasons for its use. Indeed, Giordano, Abramson and Boswell (2010) have emphasised the importance of listening to the patients subjective descriptions of pain and being consistent in the documentation of any pain assessment. At the same time, it is imperative to acknowledge that a pain assessment tool is only one aspect of the overall assessment of the patients pain (Duke, 2006). In the cardiothoracic setting, pain assessment should include static (rest) and dynamic (sitting, coughing, etc.) pain assessment and management (Macintyre et al., 2010). Although the assessment process should not be rushed, it does need to commence soon after surgery since studies have shown that high levels of pain immediately after surgery are associated with increased risk of developing chronic pain (Katz et al., 1996). In the clinical environment, it is not always feasible to carry out extensive assessments of pain, but the benefit of utilising a tool such as the NRS is that it provides an initial brief assessment of pain intensity. This, in turn, provides vital information on whether pain relief is required or whether a previously administered intervention has been effective. It is understood, however, that awareness of other pain measures is essential for the purpose of providing equal care to patients who might not be able to complete the NRS. For example, patients with cognitive impairments might find the Abbey Pain Scale easier to complete (Abbey et al., 2004), whilst patients with learning disabilities might prefer Zwakhalen et al.s (2004) scale of non-verbal indicators. Conclusions Effective pain management needs to commence with effective pain assessment, as well as the identification of factors requiring urgent intervention (Fear, 2010). The Numerical Rating Scale for pain provides a psychometrically robust method of assessing pain intensity and monitoring pain reduction interventions. As well as being psychometrically robust, the scale is acceptable to patients and feasible within busy clinical environments such as the cardiothoracic surgery setting. The best available evidence suggests the Numerical Rating Scale for pain is a suitable tool for the assessment and management of post-surgery pain and using this tool thus adheres to the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC, 2008) Code of Practice for providing a high standard of evidence-based practice at all times. Not only does this scale provide improved patient outcomes, but it also promotes communication between the patient, nurse, and multidisciplinary team (de Rond et al., 2001). More research is needed on the acc uracy and effectiveness of the NRS, as well as exploration as to any potential improvements to the instrument (Krebs, Carey, and Weinberger, 2007); however, until then, the evidence suggests that the NRS is an acceptable and efficacious screening tool for measuring pain in patients. Appendix 1: Pain Rating Scales Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Faces Rating Scale (FRS)

Dicks Androids and Scotts Replicants :: Philip K. Dick Ridley Scott

Dicks' Androids and Scotts' Replicants Philip K. Dick has written over fifty novels, and is considered among some of the greatest experimental writers of the 1950s and '60s, such as; William Burroughs, J.G. Ballard, and Thomas Pynchon.(Star 34) He has written science- fiction and regular fiction. His fiction usually spoke of people trying to figure out who they are, or what they are supposed to be. He is best known, however, for his work in science-fiction, and this represents the majority of his work. He has, also, won awards for two of his science-fiction novels. He won the Hugo Award for best novel in 1962 for The Man in the High Castle and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel of the year in 1974 for Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said (Brians 1). An opera has been based on one of P.K.D. later novels, Valis (Brians 1). One of his short stories, We Can Build It For You, was made into a movie recently. The movie was Screamers, starring Peter Weller. He has also had two of his novels, We Can Remember It for You Wholesale (Total Recall), Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (Blade Runner), made into movies. Of the two, Blade Runner (B.R.) has had the greatest impact. B.R., however, differs greatly from Dicks' original novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (D.A.D.O.E.S.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blade Runner was released in 1982 under the direction of Ridley Scott, who also made another sci-fi classic, Alien. The film begins in the city of Los Angeles. The year is 2019. The city of Los Angeles is overpopulated, teeming with all sorts of humans. Japanese ADs are all over the place. The Japanese input was strictly the director, Ridley Scot's. Scott saw the future world being controlled by the Japanese. Philip K. Dick did not mention this. The planet is recovering from World War III, although I'm not sure they actually say this. In the book, the war is clearly stated and was called World War Terminus. The effects of the radiation has mutated some people. Only the ones who had not been disfigured or altered genetically by radiation from the nuclear bombs could emigrate, (leave the planet earth). Some, who were perfectly healthy chose to stay, however. They stayed because they were stubborn and wanted to die on the planet they were born on. The chickenheads had to stay, it was law. Chickenheads is Dicks term for the disfigured or the genetically altered. They are also referred to as specials. There are no chickenheads in the movie. None of this is made clear

Internet, Extranet, Email in companies Essay -- essays research papers

The ever-changing world of technology is making the world become smaller every day. Businesses and organizations are taking advantage of the advances in technology to improve their organizations. Technology’s influence reaches beyond improving relations within an organization to enhancing an organization’s ability to service its customers. But even more than that technology is influencing the shape of the organization itself. In order to realize the impact of technology on business organizations, the following paper will focus on how organizations use technology within an organization (intranet, email), how organizations use technology to communicate with and service clients or customers, and finally how organizations are using the current technology to train both employees and customers. How are businesses utilizing technology with their organizations? Email Many businesses at the very least are taking advantage of the current technology to implement email systems. Email systems, in addition to traditional methods of communication including telephones, voice mail and face-to-face interactions are increasing the ease of communication between people in an organization. Through the use of email, people are able to send messages on a one-to-one basis, or to send broadcast messages to an entire organization, or to send messages to a specific group or department. Email provides an alternative to the traditional face-to-face or telephone communication that is necessary in business. With the increased productivity and demands that accompany day-to-day operations, people are always looking for ways to do more in less time. A written message sent via email can be short concise and to the point, eliminating some of the small talk that would normally take place in a face-to-face or telephone interaction. Another advantage of email is that people are able to respond when it is convenient for them. In a society where time is of the essence, people are able to sort through messages and to prioritize which ones should be addressed first. Furthermore, some people prefer sending email messages instead of face-to-face interactions because they are more likely to be intimidated by face-to-face communication. Email gives those types of people the freedom and the opportunity to say exactly what is on their mind. Electronic messaging systems are also a great asset to a manager... ...that studies to measure differences in student performance should go beyond just grades. Therefore, additional studies have included outcomes including student involvement, and participation, cognitive engagement, technology self-efficacy, attitudes toward the technology employed, the usefulness of the technology, attitudes toward technology-mediated distance learning and the relative advantage and disadvantage of distance learning . In order to achieve learning most effectively, methods should include the use of rich media, interaction between students and instructors, and instructors who project positive attitudes. As technology continues to advance, distance learning will continue to become more like traditional classroom training. More people are looking for alternative means for continuing education. Continuing education in organizations is becoming the rule, not the exception. In all areas, internally and externally organizations are embracing technology to get in touch with their workers and the world. The dynamic nature of technology will continue to push organizations in new directions and will continue to play a role in defining and shaping the organizations themselves.

Justice Essay

Discuss and evaluate the view of the concept of Justice in relation to Othello and two supplementary texts. Justice is to live in a society that is fair to everyone, were everyone’s human rights are met and were everyone has equal opportunity to succeed. The concept of justice is portrayed rather unevenly in Othello and does not prevail as the villain, Iago, is still alive while his ‘victims’ are not. Also in my supplementary texts the balance of justice is uneven. One of my supplementary texts ‘Men of Honour’ is a film about a black sailor, Carl Brashear, trying to become a US Navy Diver but his training officer, Billy Sunday, makes it hard for him because of his colour. In the end of Men of Honour justice does prevail as Carl becomes a navy diver. My other supplementary text the ‘I Have a Dream’ speech is about a man, Martin Luther King, telling the world about the injustices against black people in America and how justice should be achieved. My argument is that justice is not achieved in Othello while it is achieved in ‘Men of Honour’ and it is explained in the ‘I have a Dream’ speech. Othello is written by William Shakespeare in England when Prejudice against women and people of different race was acceptable in society. In Othello racial prejudice, gender injustice and Vigilante injustice are very prominent especially towards the end of the play. Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca are treated like second class citizens because of their gender and Othello feels alienated by white society and feels he is always being judged because of his colour. The setting plays a major role in the balance of injustice throughout the play. In the beginning it is set in Venice which seemingly appears democratic and just with Othello being given a fair trial when they discover he has married Desdemona. This is in stark contrast to Cyprus which is the setting for the majority of the play and appears less civilized and lacking any real legal structures. This change of setting changes the behaviour of some of the characters especially Othello, who appears a noble soldier and good husband in Venice, changes when the setting moves to Cyprus and starts to make rash decisions. These changes in Character add to the injustices dealt with by some of the characters. ‘Men of Honour’ is set in America in the 1960s after WWII and during the Vietnam and Cold Wars. This was a time when coloured people were seen as second class citizens and the Navy was also not ready to accept coloured people into jobs of authority. This is represented by â€Å"Two table spoons of machine oil can contaminate a whole ships fresh water supply, some things just don’t mix†. This was the analogy of black people in the military. Even though there was so much prejudice society was aware of the injustices of coloured people and the need for change and there were even laws against segregation in the military but society was still lagging behind the law. The ‘I Have a Dream’ speech was presented in America in 1963 during the Vietnam and Cold Wars. It was presented in front of 200,000 people on the steps of Lincoln Memorial after a march for American Civil rights. It was a time were black people suffered horrific segregation and had little rights and in many southern states white people could commit crimes against them with little chance of repercussions. But it was also a time for social change and people were ready for a change. Racial injustice is where people of different races are not treated equally to the rest of society. In Othello this racial injustice is very prominent and plays a major role in the play. The black army general, Othello, is the man who feels most of the racial injustice in the play. When Iago and Rodrigo are talking privately they talk of Othello very harshly and make reference to his race regularly, â€Å"thick lips†, â€Å"the moor† and â€Å"black ram† are just some of the words they use to describe him This is also a use of animal imagery in â€Å"black ram† which dehumanises Othello. In the play Othello constantly feels like the outsider and having to constantly prove his worth, this is portrayed by â€Å"My parts, my tile and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly†. This sense of being the outsider because of race is prominent in my two related texts the ‘Men of Honour’ film and the ‘I Have a Dream’ speech. In ‘Men of Honour’ Carl Brashear is a Black Navy man who wishes to become a U. S Navy Diver but because of his colour his trainer, Billy Sunday, makes it nearly impossible for him to become one. His fellow Divers alienate him and insult him in one scene he is spat on and laughed at. â€Å"No offence to the President but I don’t bunk with Niggers†. This shows how he constantly has to prove himself to white society just like Othello and is used to create empathy for Carl. In â€Å"I Have a Dream† the spokes person, Martin Luther King, is trying to persuade the public to judge people on their personality not their race. They will not be judged by the colour of their skin but on the content of their character†. Luther King uses persuasive language to convey the message and have it heard. Likewise Othello feels like he is being judged on his colour and not who he really is â€Å"Speak of me as I am† he uses assertive tone in the verb ‘s peak’ as he is afraid of being judged. Gender injustice is where people are judged on their gender and not treated equally to the other gender and their role in society. In Othello there are many cases of gender injustice and in some cases it is a misunderstanding. Emilia is the woman who is the main victim of gender injustice. Emilia is Iago’s wife and throughout the play she is put down by him and treated like a second class citizen. â€Å"Players your housewifery and housewives in your bed†. This is spoken by Iago and shows his view of women as good for nothing. In ‘Men of Honour’ just like Emilia, Carl is constantly being told that he and his race are good for nothing but cooking in the Navy and will never become a Navy Diver. Bianca, Cassio’s lover, is also a victim and is constantly being called a strumpet and when Cassio is stabbed Iago blames her because no one will believe a woman over a man. Desdemona is another victim of gender injustice as she is not given a fair say by Othello when he suspects her infidelity and kills her. Othello believes that she does not deserve her say and in the end she pays the ultimate price. While Desdemona is pleading with Othello she says â€Å"I never gave him token† but Othello does not give her a chance to explain herself and he judges her without cause. Vigilante Injustice is the act of taking the law into someone’s own hands and acting on something outside the law. In Othello Iago is the main culprit of this as he tries to destroy Othello outside the law. He also tries to convince Rodrigo to help him in his plan of ruining Othello’s life. In ‘Men of Honour’ the commanding officer of the U. S Navy Diving Centre takes the law into his own hands by trying convince Billy Sunday to fail Carl by getting into his head. He says things such as â€Å"Did you know that ordinary house dust is made primarily of human skin, makes you think twice about who you invite into your home†. In Conclusion Othello is not a very just or fair play as throughout the play people are being judged by others because of their gender and race and in the end justice is not achieved. My supplementary texts are also about people being judged and treated unfairly but unlike Othello justice is achieved at the end of my supplementary texts. Othello and my texts also represent the time they were composed, in times when people were judged and treated unfairly because of the colour of their skin or their gender.